Substitutions

CHOCOLATE

Cocoa Powder-Dutch Processed – 3 Tbsp:

• 3 Tbsp unsweetened cocoa powder plus 1/8 tsp baking soda
• 3 Tbsp carob powder

Cocoa Powder-Unsweetened – 3 Tbsp:

• 3 Tbsp Dutch-processed cocoa (omit baking soda?)

Semisweet Baking Chocolate – 1 Ounce:

• 1 ounce unsweetened baking chocolate plus 1 Tbsp sugar

Sweet Baking Chocolate – 1 Ounce:

• 3 tablespoons unsweetened cocoa powder plus 4 teaspoons sugar and 1 tablespoon butter, shortening or vegetable oil

Unsweetened Baking Chocolate – 1 Ounce:

• 3 Tbsp unsweetened cocoa powder plus 1 Tbsp melted shortening

DAIRY

 Butter (salted) – 1 Cup:

• 7/8 to 1 cup shortening (Crisco) plus 1/2 tsp salt
• 7/8 cup lard plus 1/2 tsp salt
• 1 cup margarine
• 7/8 cup oil plus 1/2 tsp salt

Buttermilk or Sour Milk – 1 Cup:

• 1 Tbsp lemon juice or vinegar plus enough milk to make 1 cup; let stand 10 minutes
• 1 cup plain yogurt

Heavy Cream – 1 Cup:

• 3/4 cup milk and 1/3 cup butter or margarine (for use in cooking or baking, not for whipping)

Light Cream – 1 Cup:

• 7/8 c. milk plus 3 Tbsp melted  butter (for cooking and baking, not for whipping)

Sour Cream – 1 Cup:

• 1 cup plain yogurt

 FLOUR

 Biscuit Mix (Bisquick) – 1 Cup:

• 1 cup flour + 1-1/2 tsp baking powder +1/2 tsp salt; cut in 1 Tbsp shortening

 Cake Flour – 1 Cup:

• 1-7/8 cups all-purpose flour (1 cup minus 2 Tbsp)

Self-Rising Flour – 1 Cup:

• 1 cup all-purpose flour plus 1-1/2 tsp baking powder and 1/2 tsp salt

Whole Wheat Pastry Flour – 1 Cup:

• 1/2 cup cake flour plus 1/2 cup whole wheat flour

Wheat Germ (substitute 1:1):

• Bran, ground nuts, ground flax seed, ground sunflower seeds, fine cornflake crumbs, corn meal, oatmeal
  

LEAVENING

Baking Powder - 1 Teaspoon:

• 1/4 tsp baking soda plus 1/2 tsp cream of tartar

Yeast:

• Active Dry Yeast = 1.3  * amount of instant yeast
• Instant Yeast = .75  * amount of active dry yeast

SPICES

Pumpkin Pie Spice – 1 Teaspoon:

• 1/2 tsp ground cinnamon + 1/4 tsp ground ginger +1/8 tsp ground allspice + 1/8 tsp ground nutmeg

Raw Ginger – 1 Tbsp Grated:

• 1/2 tsp powdered ginger
  

SUGAR

Brown Sugar – 1 Cup, Packed):

• 1 cup white sugar mixed with 2 Tbsp molasses or dark corn syrup

Granulated Sugar – 1 Cup:

• 1 cup powdered sugar
• 1 cup brown sugar, packed
• 3/4 cup honey (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup and add 1 tsp baking soda)

Honey – 1 Cup:

• 1-1/4 cup granulated sugar plus 1/4 cup water